We may be talking past each other? I 100% agree engines need to breathe — that’s fundamental, as you say. You can certainly choke off engine power by restricting air. And you can stall an engine by blocking the exhaust.
The question is what factor is limiting performance? I see guys put 5” and even 6” exhaust on their 300 hp diesel trucks to “improve flow”. Would a 9” exhaust be even better? Is there no limit to the benefit of improving engine breathing? If not, how do you determine where the optimum breathability is reached?
If the engine has all the air it needs to make full use of available fuel, making more air available doesn’t improve anything — which explains why the engines running with open, unfiltered, zero-restriction intakes didn’t show improvement on the dyno until the fueling and boost were increased. Obviously, more air will be needed when more fuel is added — which is why higher performance tunes increase boost and fueling rate together to develop more power.
in the 80s, 90s, and early 2000s we put tuners, intakes, and bigger exhausts on every truck we bought. Looking back, I wish we had tested/measured the performance of all those trucks after installation of the tunes, but before changing the intake and exhaust. In those days none of my trucks ever had all the mods to make truly BIG power — maybe 25% improvement? But at that time there were 1000 hp Cummins 5.9s built to compete at our summer truck/tractor pulls. Those things had HUGE intake and exhaust volume, but they were flowing crazy amounts of diesel, propane, and other additives. I don’t think bolting their intake and exhaust systems onto my current Tremor would do anything for performance.